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\begin{document}
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\title{Narrative--related signs in two Old English travel stories:\\The voyage narratives of Ohthere and Wulfstan}
\author{Jehuda Ronen}
\date{2006\,/\,2\,/\,1}
\maketitle
	
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\subsection*{The Voyage of Ohthere}
\begin{enumerate}
	\item \chain{\subject{Ohthere}\ \fg{sæde}} his hlaforde, Ælfrede cyninge, þæt \subject{he} ealra Norðmonna norþmest \fg{bude}.
	\item \chain{\subject{He}\ \fg{cwæþ}} þæt \subject{he} \fg{bude} on þæm lande norþweardum wiþ þa Westsæ.
	\item \chain{\subject{He}\ \fg{sæde}} þeah þæt \subject{þæt land} \f{sie}{BG--IS--sub}\ swiþe lang norþ þonan; Ac \subject{hit} \is{is} eal weste, buton on feawum stowum styccemælum \bg{wiciaþ} Finnas, on huntoþe on wintra, and on sumera on fiscaþe be þære sæ.
	\item \chain{\subject{He} \fg{sæde}} þæt \subject{he} æt sumum cirre \fg{wolde} fandian hu longe þæt land norþryhte læge, oþþe hwæþer ænig mon be norþan þæm westenne bude.\\
		\hrule
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{for} \subject{he} norþryhte be þæm lande. Let him ealne weg þæt weste land on þæt steorbord, ond þa widsæ on þæt bæcbord þrie dagas.
	\item \chain{Þa} \waes{wæs} \subject{he} swa feor norþ swa þa hwælhuntan firrest faraþ.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{for} \subject{he} þa giet norþryhte swa feor swa \subject{he} \fg{meahte} on þæm oþrum þrim dagum gesiglan.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{beag} \subject{þæt land} þær eastryhte, oþþe seo sæ in on þæt lond, \subject{he} \fg{nysse} hwæþer, buton \subject{he} \fg{wisse} þæt \subject{he} þær \fg{bad} westan windes ond hwon norþan,\\
		ond \fg{siglde} \textbf{þa} east be lande swa swa \subject{he} \fg{meahte} on feower dagum gesiglan.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{sceolde} \subject{he} þær bidan ryhtnorþanwindes, for þæm þæt land \fg{beag} þær suþryhte, oþþe seo sæ in on þæt land, \subject{he} \fg{nysse} hwæþer.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{siglde} \subject{he} þonan suþryhte be lande swa swa \subject{he} \fg{mehte} on fif dagum gesiglan.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{læg} þær an micel \subject{ea} up in on þæt land.
	\item \chain{Þa} \fg{cirdon} \subject{hie} up in on þa ea, for þæm \subject{\interesting{hie}} ne \fg{dorston} forþ bi þære ea siglan for unfriþe; for þæm \subject{þæt land} \waes{wæs} eall gebun on oþre healfe þære eas.\\
		\hrule
	\item Ne \fg{mette} \subject{he} ær nan gebun land, siþþan \subject{he} from his agnum ham \fg{for}; ac him \waes{wæs} ealne weg \subject{weste land} on þæt steorbord, butan fiscerum and fugelerum ond huntum, ond þæt \waes{wæron} eall Finnas; ond him \waes{wæs} a widsæ on þæt bæcbord.
	\item \subject{Þa Beormas} \fg{hæfdon} swiþe wel gebun hira land: ac \subject{hie} ne \fg{dorston} þæron cuman.
	\item Ac þara Terfinna \subject{land} \waes{wæs} eal weste, buton þær huntan \fg{gewicodon}, oþþe fisceras, oþþe fugeleras.
	\item Fela spella him \fg{sædon} \subject{þa Beormas} ægþer ge of hiera agnum lande ge of þæm landum þe ymb \subject{hie} utan \waes{wæron}, ac \subject{he} \fg{nyste} hwæt þæs soþes \waes{wæs}, for þæm \subject{he} hit self ne \fg{geseah}. \subject{Þa Finnas}, him \fg{þuhte}, \& \subject{þa Beormas} \fg{spræcon} neah an geþeode.

	\item Swiþost \subject{he} \fg{for} ðider, toeacan þæs landes sceawunge, for þæm horshwælum, for ðæm \subject{hie} \bg{habbað} swiþe æþele ban on hiora toþum. Þa teð \subject{hie} \bg{brohton} sume þæm cyninge, \& hiora hyd \bith{bið} swiðe god to sciprapum.
	\item \subject{Se hwæl} \bith{bið} micle læssa þonne oðre hwalas: ne \bith{bið} \subject{he} lengra ðonne syfan elna lang --- ac on his agnum lande \is{is} se betsta hwælhuntað: þa \bith{beoð} eahta and feowertiges elna lange, \& þa mæstan fiftiges elna lange --- þara \subject{he} \fg{sæde} þæt \subject{he} syxa sum \fg{ofsloge} syxtig on twam dagum.
	\item \subject{He} \waes{wæs} swyðe spedig man on þæm æhtum þe heora speda on \bith{beoð}, þæt \is{is} on wildrum.
	\item \subject{He} \fg{hæfde} þa gyt, ða \subject{he} þone cyningc \fg{sohte}, tamra deora unbebohtra syx hund. Þa deor \subject{hi} \bg{hatað} hranas; þara \waes{wæron} syx stælhranas. Ða \bith{beoð} swyðe dyre mid Finnum, for ðæm \subject{hy} \bg{foð} þa wildan hranas mid.
	\item \subject{He} \waes{wæs} mid þæm fyrstum mannum on þæm lande; \fg{næfde} \subject{he} þeah ma ðonne twentig hryðera \& twentig sceapa \& twentig swyna, \& þæt lytle þæt \subject{he} \fg{erede} \subject{he} \fg{erede} mid horsan.
	\item Ac hyra \subject{ar} \is{is} mæst on þæm gafole þe \subject{ða Finnas} him \bg{gyldað}.
	\item \subject{Þæt gafol} \bith{bið} on deora fellum \& on fugela feðerum \& hwales bane \& on þæm sciprapum þe \bith{beoð} of hwæles hyde geworht \& of seoles.
	\item \subject{Æghwilc} \bg{gylt} be hys gebyrdum. Se byrdesta sceall gyldan fiftyne mearðes fell \& fif hranes \& an beran fel \& tyn ambra feðra \& berenne kyrtel oððe yterenne \& twegen sciprapas; ægþer sy syxtig elna lang: oþer sy of hwæles hyde geworht, oþer of sioles.\\
		\hrule
	\item \chain{\subject{He} \fg{sæde}} ðæt \subject{Norðmanna land} \f{wære}{FG--WÆS--sub}\ swyþe lang \& swyðe smæl.
	\item Eal þæt his \subject{man} aþer oððe ettan oððe erian \bg{mæg}, þæt \bg{lið} wið ða sæ; \& þæt \is{is} þeah on sumum stowum swyðe cludig, \& \bg{licgað} wilde \subject{moras} wið eastan \& wið uppon, emnlange þæm bynum lande.
	\item On þæm morum \bg{eardiað} \subject{Finnas}; \& þæt byne land \is{is} easteweard bradost \& symle swa norðor swa smælre.
	\item Eastewerd \subject{hit} \bg{mæg} \bith{bion} syxtig mila brad oþþe hwene brædre; \& middeweard þritig oððe bradre; \& norðeweard, \subject{he} \fg{cwæð}, þær hit smalost \f{wære}{FG--WÆS-sub}, þæt \subject{hit} \f{mihte}{sub}\ \bith{beon} þreora mila brad to þæm more, \& se mor syðþan, on sumum stowum swa brad swa man mæg on twam wucum oferferan, \& on sumum stowum swa brad swa man mæg on syx dagum oferferan.
	\item \interesting{Þonne} \is{is} toemnes þæm lande suðeweardum, on oðre healfe þæs mores, Sweoland, oþ þæt land norðeweard; \& toemnes þæm lande norðeweardum Cwena land.
	\item Þa Cwenas \bg{hergiað} hwilum on ða Norðmen ofer ðone mor, hwilum þa Norðmen on hy.
	\item \& þær \is{sint} swiðe micle meras fersce geond þa moras, \& \bg{berað} þa Cwenas hyra scypu ofer land on ða meras \& þanon \bg{hergiað} on ða Norðmen; hy \bg{habbað} swyðe lytle scypa \& swyðe leohte.\\
		\hrule
	\item \chain{\subject{\interesting{Ohthere}} \fg{sæde}} þæt \subject{sio scir} \f{hatte}{BG--sub}\ Halgoland þe \subject{he} on \fg{bude}.
	\item \subject{He} \fg{cwæð} þæt nan man ne \fg{bude} be norðan him. \interesting{Þonne} \is{is} an port on suðeweardum þæm lande, þone \subject{man} \bg{hæt} Sciringesheal.
	\item Þyder \subject{he} \fg{cwæð} þæt man ne \f{mihte}{sub}\ geseglian on anum monðe, gyf man on niht \fg{wicode}, \& ælce dæge \fg{hæfde} ambyrne wind; \& ealle ða hwile \subject{he} \bg{sceal} seglian be lande.
	\item \& on þæt steorbord him \bith{bið} ærest \subject{Iraland}, \& \interesting{þonne} ða igland þe \is{synd} betux Iralande \& þissum lande.
	\item \interesting{Þone} [Þonne] \is{is} \subject{þis land} oð \subject{he} \bg{cymð} to Scirincgesheale, \& ealne weg on þæt bæcbord Norðweg.
	\item Wið suðan þone Sciringesheal \bg{fylð} swyðe mycel \subject{sæ} up in on ðæt lond; \subject{seo} \is{is} bradre þonne ænig man ofer seon mæge.
	\item \subject{Seo sæ} \bg{lið} mænig hund mila up in on þæt land.\\
		\hrule
	\item \& of Sciringesheale \chain{\subject{he} \fg{cwæð}} þæt \subject{he} \fg{seglode} on fif dagan to þæm porte þe \subject{mon} \bg{hæt} æt Hæþum; \subject{Se} \bg{stent} betuh Winedum, \& Seaxum, \& Angle, \& \bg{hyrð} in on Dene.
	\item \chain{ða} \subject{he} þiderweard \fg{seglode} fram Sciringesheale.
	\item \chain{þa} \waes{wæs} him on þæt bæcbord \subject{Denamearc}, \& on þæt steorbord widsæ þry dagas.
	\item \& \chain{þa}, twegen dagas ær \subject{he} to Hæþum \fg{come}, him \waes{wæs} on þæt steorbord \subject{Gotland}, \& \subject{Sillende}, \& \subject{iglanda fela}. On þæm landum \fg{eardodon} \subject{Engle}, ær \subject{hi} hider on land \fg{coman}.
	\item \& hym \waes{wæs} \chain{ða} twegen dagas on ðæt bæcbord \subject{þa igland} þe in Denemearce \bg{hyrað}.
\end{enumerate}





\subsection*{The Voyage of Wulfstan}

\begin{enumerate}
	\item \subject{Wulfstan} \fg{sæde} þæt \subject{he} \fg{gefore} of Hæðum, þæt \subject{he} \f{wære}{FG--WÆS-sub}\ on Truso on syfan dagum and nihtum, þæt \subject{þæt scip} \waes{wæs} ealne weg yrnende under segle.
	\item \subject{Weonoðland} him \waes{wæs} on steorbord, and on bæcbord him \waes{wæs} \subject{Langaland}, and \subject{Læland}, and \subject{Falster}, and \subject{Sconeg}; and þas land eall \bg{hyrað} to Denemearcan.
	\item And þonne Burgenda \subject{land} \waes{wæs} \interesting{us} on bæcbord, and þa \bg{habbað} him sylfe [sylf] cyning.
	\item Þonne æfter Burgenda lande \waes{wæron} \interesting{us} þas land þa \is{synd} hatene ærest Blecinga eg, and Meore, and Eowland, and Gotland on bæcbord; and þas land \bg{hyrað} to Sweom [Sweon].
	\item And \subject{Weonodland} \waes{wæs} \interesting{us} ealne weg on steorbord oð Wislemudan.
	\item \subject{Seo Wisle} \is{is} swyðe mycel ea, and \subject{hio} \bg{tolið} Witland and Weonodland; and \subject{þæt Witland} \bg{belimpeð} to Estum; and \subject{seo Wisle} \bg{lið} ut of Weonodlande, and \bg{lið} in Estmere; and \subject{se Estmere} \is{is} huru fiftene mila brad.
	\item Þonne \bg{cymeð} \subject{Ilfing} eastan in Estmere of ðæm mere, ðe Truso \bg{standeð} in staðe; and \bg{cumað} ut samod in Estmere, Ilfing eastan of Estlande [Eastlande], and Wisle suðan of Winodlande.
	\item And þonne \bg{benimð} Wisle Ilfing hire naman, and \bg{ligeð} of þæm mere west and norð on sæ; for ðy hit \subject{man} \bg{hæt} Wislemuða.\\
		\\
	\item \subject{Þæt Estland} [Eastland] \is{is} swyðe mycel, and þær \bith{bið} swyðe manig burh, and on ælcere byrig \bith{bið} cyningc.
	\item And þær \bith{bið} swyðe mycel hunig, and fiscað [altered to fiscnað in a later hand], and \subject{se cyning} and þa ricostan \mark{men} \bg{drincað} myran meolc, and \subject{þa unspedigan} and \subject{þa þeowan} \bg{drincað} medo.
	\item Þær \bith{bið} swyðe mycel gewinn betweonan him.
	\item And ne \bith{bið} ðær nænig ealo gebrowen mid Estum, ac þær \bith{bið} medo genoh.\\
		\\
	\item And þær \is{is} mid Estum ðeaw, þonne þær \bith{bið} man dead, þæt \subject{he} \bg{lið} inne unforbærned mid his magum and freondum monað, ge hwilum twegen; and þa kyningas, and þa oðre heahðungene men, swa micle lencg swa hi maran speda \bg{habbað}, hwilum healf gear, þæt \subject{hi} \bith{beoð} unforbærned and \bg{lichað} bufan eorðan on hyra husum.
	\item And ealle þa hwile þe \subject{þæt lic} \bith{bið} inne, þær sceal \bith{beon} gedrync and plega, oð ðone ðæg þe \subject{hi} hine \bg{forbærnað}.
	\item \chain{Þonne} þy ylcan dæge [the final e is added in a later hand] [þe] \subject{hi} hine to þæm ade beran \bg{wyllað}, \chain{þonne} \bg{todælað} \subject{hi} his feoh, þæt to lafe \bith{bið} æfter þæm gedrynce and þæm plegan, on fif oððe syx, hwylum on ma, swa swa þæs feos andefn \bith{bið}. \bg{Alecgað} hit \chain{ðonne} forhweæga on anre mile þone mæstan dæl fram þæm tune, \chain{þonne} oðerne, \chain{ðonne} þæne þriddan, oþ þe hyt eall aled \bith{bið} on þære anre mile; and \bg{sceall} \bith{beon} \subject{se læsta} dæl nyhst þæm tune ðe se deada \subject{man} on \bg{lið}.
	\item \chain{Ðonne} \bg{sceolon} \bith{beon} gesamnode ealle ða menn ðe swyfytoste hors \bg{habbað} on þæm lande, forhweæga on fif milum oððe on syx milum fram þæm feo.
	\item \chain{Þonne} \bg{ærnað} \subject{hy} ealle toweard þæm feo: \chain{ðonne} \bg{cymeð} \subject{se man} \subject{se} þæt swiftoste [swifte] hors \bg{hafað} to þæm ærstan dæle and to þæm mæstan, and swa ælc æfter oðrum, oþ \subject{hit} \bith{bið} eall genumen; and \subject{se} \bg{nimð} þone læstan dæl \subject{se} nyhstþæm tune þæt feoh \bg{geærneð}.
	\item And \chain{þonne} \bg{rideð} \subject{ælc} hys weges mid ðan feo, and gyt motan habban eall; and for ðyþær \bith{beoð} þa swiftan hors ungefoge [h written above second g] dyre.
	\item And \chain{þonne} hys gestreon \bith{beoð} þus eall aspended, \chain{þonne} \bg{byrð} \subject{man} hine ut, and \bg{forbærneð} mid his wæpnum and hrægle; and swiðost ealle hys speda \subject{hy} \bg{forspendað} mid þan langan legere þæs deadan mannes inne, and þæs þe hy be þæm wegum alecgað, þe ða fremdan to ærnað, and nimað.
	\item And þæt \is{is} mid Estum þeaw þæt þær sceal ælces geðeodes man beon forbærned; and gyf þar \subject{man} an ban \bg{findeð} unforbærned, \subject{hi} hit \bg{sceolan} miclum gebetan.
	\item And þær \is{is} mid Estum [Eastum] an mægð þæt \subject{hi} \bg{magon} cyle gewyrcan; and þy þær \bg{licgað} þa deadan men swa lange, and ne \bg{fuliað}, þæt \subject{hy} \bg{wyrcað} þone cyle nim [hine] on.
	\item And þeah man \f{asette}{FG(?)}\ twegen fætels full ealað oððe wæteres, hy gedoð þæt oþer \bith{bið} oferfroren, sam hit sy sumor san winter.
\end{enumerate}

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\end{document}
