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\begin{document}
\title{\Large Some Welsh syntactic structures in the Welsh translation of Harry~Potter}
\author{Jehuda Ronen}
\date{23 Mehefin 2008}
%\date{}
\maketitle
%\thispagestyle{empty}

\setstretch{1.03}

\section{a+\textsc{infinitive}}

See Shisha-Halevy \cite[§1.1]{Shisha-Halevy.A:1997:infinitive-aorist} and \cite{Shisha-Halevy.A:2003:juncture-welsh}.

\begin{examples}
	\item 10/4:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{\hl{Tynnodd}}{pulled} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{Athro}{professor} McGonagal \gl{hances}{handkerchief} \gl{boced}{pocket} \gl{les}{lace} \gl{allan}{out} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{sychu}}{wipe, dry} \gl{ei}{her} \gl{llygaid}{eyes} \gl{o}{of(f)} \gl{dan}{under} \gl{ei}{her} \gl{sbectol}{spectacles}. […]}
			{Professor McGonagall \hl{pulled} out a lace handkerchief \hl{and dabbed} at her eyes beneath her spectacles. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

%	\item 10/4:
%		\begin{bilingquote}
%			\transline
%			{\gl{\hl{Snwffiodd}}{sniffed} Dumbledore \gl{yn}{in} \gl{uchel}{loud} \gl{wrth}{with} \gl{dynnu}{pull} \gl{oriawr}{watch} \gl{aur}{gold} \gl{o}{off}'\gl{i}{his} \gl{boced}{pocket} \gl{\hl{a}}{and}'\gl{i}{her} \gl{\hl{harchwilio}}{examine}.}
%			{Dumbledore gave a great sniff as he took a golden watch from his pocket and examined it.}
%		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 11/2:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Agorodd}{opened} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{Athro}{professor} McGonagal \gl{ei}{her} \gl{cheg}{mouth}, \gl{ond}{but} \gl{\hl{newidiodd}}{changed} \gl{ei}{her} \gl{meddwl}{mind}, \gl{\hl{llyncu}}{swallow} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{dweud}}{say}, ‘[…]’ […]}
			{Professor McGonagall opened her mouth, \hl{changed} her mind, \hl{swallowed}, and then \hl{said}, “[…]” […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 12/14:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Gan}{by} \gl{sychu}{dry} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{lygaid}{eyes} \gl{ar}{on} \gl{lawes}{sleeve} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{gôt}{coat}, \gl{\hl{neidiodd}}{jumped} Hagrid \gl{ar}{on} \gl{gefn}{back} y \gl{motor-beic}{motorbike} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{rhoi}}{give, put} \gl{cic}{kick} \gl{i}{to} \gl{ddeffro}{wake}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{peiriant}{engine}. \gl{\hl{Cododd}}{rise} \gl{i}{to}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{awyr}{air} \gl{gan}{by} \gl{ruo}{roar} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{diflannu}}{disappear} \gl{i}{to}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{nos}{night}.}
			{Wiping his streaming eyes on his jacket sleeve, Hagrid \hl{swung} himself on to the motorbike \hl{and kicked} the engine into life; with a roar it \hl{rose} into the air and off into the night.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 13/1:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{\hl{Trodd}}{turned} Dumbledore \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{cherdded}}{walk} \gl{yn ôl}{aback} \gl{i lawr}{down} \gl{y}{the} \gl{stryd}{street}. \gl{Ar}{on} \gl{y}{the} \gl{gornel}{corner} \gl{\hl{arhosodd}}{stopped} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{thynnu}}{pull}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{Diffoddwr}{Put-Outer} \gl{arian}{silver} \gl{allan}{out}.}
			{Dumbledore \hl{turned} and \hl{walked} back down the street. On the corner he \hl{stopped} \hl{and took} out the silver Put-Outer.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 14/5:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{{\doublechecked}\gl{\hl{Rowliodd}}{rolled} \gl{ar}{on} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{gefn}{back} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{cheisio}}{try} \gl{cofio}{remember} \gl{am}{about} \gl{beth}{what} \gl{roedd}{was} \gl{o}{he} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{bod}{be} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{breuddwydio}{dream}.}
			{{\doublechecked}He \hl{rolled} on to his back \hl{and tried} to remember the dream he had been having.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 15/5:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{\hl{Cododd}}{got up} Harri \gl{o}{from}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{gwely}{bed} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{araf}{slow} \gl{\hl{a}}{and} \gl{\hl{dechrau}}{start} \gl{chwilio}{search} \gl{am}{about, for} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{sanau}{socks}. […]}
			{{\doublechecked}[…] Harry \hl{got} slowly out of bed and \hl{started} looking for socks. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

%\subsection{Questionable***}

%\begin{examples}
%	\item 10/7:
%		\begin{bilingquote}
%			\transline
%			{‘[…]’ \gl{gwaeddodd}{cried} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{Athro}{professor} McGonagal, \gl{gan}{by} \gl{neidio}{jump} \gl{ar}{on} \gl{ei}{her} \gl{thraed}{feet} \gl{a}{and} \gl{phwyntio}{point} \gl{at}{to} \gl{rif}{number} \gl{pedwar}{four}. […]}
%			{“[…]” cried Professor McGonagall, jumping to her feet and pointing at number four […]}
%		\end{bilingquote}
%\end{examples}

\section{ti:chi:(chdi)}

\subsection{You-Know-Who}

\begin{itemize}
	\item \hl{Wyddost-Ti-Pwy}:
		\begin{itemize}
			\item Professor McGonagal $\rightarrow$ Dumbledore. (8/6, 8/10, 8/12 (‘Wyddost-Ti — O! […]’))
			\item Dumbledore $\rightarrow$ Professor McGonagal. (8/11)
			\item Hagrid $\rightarrow$ Harry Potter. (43/1, 43/2, 43/5, 62/10)
			\item Harry Potter $\rightarrow$ Hagrid. (43/7, 62/11)
		\end{itemize}
	\item \hl{Wyddoch-Chi-Pwy}:
		\begin{itemize}
			\item A man in a violet cloak $\rightarrow$ Vernon Dursley. (4/3)
			\item Harry Potter $\rightarrow$ Dumbledore. (236/10)
		\end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Other examples}

\subsubsection{The author $\rightarrow$ the reader}

\begin{examples}
	\item 1/1 (absolute beginning):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Broliai}{bragged} Mr \gl{a}{and} Mrs Dursley, \gl{rhif}{number} \gl{pedwar}{four} Privet Drive, \gl{eu}{their} \gl{bod}{be} \gl{nhw}{they}\gl{'n}{in} \gl{deulu}{family} \gl{cwbl}{whole, absolute} \gl{normal}{normal}, \gl{diolch}{thank} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{fawr}{big} \gl{iawn}{right} \gl{\hl{ichi}}{to \gl{you}{chi}}.}
			{{\doublechecked}Mr and Mrs Dursley of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank \hl{you} very much.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 13/4 (epilogue):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] Privet Drive […], \gl{y}{the} \gl{lle}{place} \gl{olaf}{last} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{y}{the} \gl{byd}{world} \gl{y}{that} \gl{\hl{byddech}}{you would be} \gl{\hl{chi}}{\gl{you}{chi}}\gl{'n}{in} \gl{disgwyl}{expect} \gl{i}{to} \gl{unrhyw}{any} \gl{beth}{thing} \gl{syfrdanol}{astonishing} \gl{ddigwydd}{happen}. […]}
			{{\doublechecked}[…] Privet Drive […], the very last place \hl{you} would expect astonishing things to happen. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsubsection{Vernon Dursley's free indirect speech}

\begin{examples}
	\item 2/5:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Fedrai}{couldn't} Mr Dursley \gl{ddim}{Fr. \textit{pas}} \gl{dioddef}{suffer, bear} \gl{pobl}{people} \gl{a}{\gram{rel.}} \gl{wisgai}{wear} \gl{ddillad}{clothes} \gl{anarferol}{unusual} — \gl{y}{the} \gl{fath}{kind} \gl{bethau}{things} \gl{a}{\gram{rel.}} \gl{\hl{welwch}}{\gl{you}{chi} see} \gl{\hl{chi}}{\gl{you}{chi}} \gl{am}{about, on} \gl{bobl}{people} \gl{ifanc}{young}!}
			{{\doublechecked}Mr Dursley couldn't bear people who dressed in funny clothes — the get-ups \hl{you} saw on young people!}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsubsection{A man in a violet cloak $\rightarrow$ Vernon Dursley}

\begin{examples}
	\item 4/3:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{\hl{Peidiwch}}{\gl{\gram{neg.~imp.}}{chi}} \gl{ag}{with} \gl{ymddiheuro}{apologise}, \gl{syr}{sir}. \gl{oherwydd}{because} \gl{fedrai}{couldn't} \gl{dim}{Fr. \textit{pas}} \gl{byd}{world} \gl{fy}{my} \gl{nghynhyrfu}{agitate} \gl{i}{I} \gl{heddiw}{today}! \gl{\hl{Llawenhewch}}{\gl{rejoice}{chi}!}, \gl{oherwydd}{because} \gl{mae}{is} \gl{\hl{Wyddoch}}{\gl{you}{chi} know}-\gl{\hl{Chi}}{\gl{you}{chi}}-\gl{Pwy}{who} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{mynd}{go} \gl{o'r diwedd}{at last}! \gl{Dylai}{should} \gl{hyd yn oed}{even} \gl{Myglars}{Muggles} \gl{fel}{like} \gl{\hl{chi}}{\gl{you}{chi}} \gl{fod}{be} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{dathlu}{celebrate}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{diwrnod}{day} \gl{hapus}{happy}, \gl{hapus}{happy} \gl{hwn}{this}!’}
			{{\doublechecked}‘\hl{Don't} be sorry, my dear sir, for nothing could upset me today! \hl{Rejoice}, for \hl{You}-Know-Who has gone at last! Even Muggles like \hl{yourself} should be celebrating, this happy, happy day!’}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsubsection{Vernon Dursley $\rightarrow$ Petunia Dursley}

\begin{examples}
	\item 5/5:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{{\doublechecked}‘\gl{Ym}{‘er’, ‘\Hebrew{אהמ}’} — Petiwnia, \gl{cariad}{dear} — \gl{\hl{glywaist}}{\gl{you}{ti} heard} \gl{\hl{ti}}{\gl{you}{ti}} \gl{rywbeth}{something} \gl{gan}{by, from} \gl{\hl{dy}}{your} \gl{chwaer}{sister} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{ddiweddar}{recent}?’}
			{{\doublechecked}‘Er — Petunia, dear — \hl{you} haven't heard from \hl{your} sister lately, have you?’}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 5/10:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{Wel}{well}, \gl{rhyw}{some, certain} \gl{feddwl}{thought} \gl{wnes}{that I made} \gl{i}{I}… \gl{ella}{maybe}… \gl{fod}{be} \gl{ganddo}{by it (by him)} \gl{rywbeth}{something} \gl{i}{to}\gl{'w}{its (his)} \gl{wneud}{do} \gl{efo}{with}… \gl{\hl{wyddost}}{\gl{you}{ti} know} \gl{\hl{ti}}{\gl{you}{ti}}… \emph{ei chriw hi}.’}
			{{\doublechecked}‘Well, I just thought… maybe… it was something to do with \hl{you} know… \emph{her lot}.’}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}


\subsubsection{Petunia Dursley $\rightarrow$ Harry Potter}
\begin{examples}
	\item 14/3:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{\hl{Cod}}{\gl{Get up!}{ti}}! \gl{Y}{the} \gl{munud}{minute} \gl{yma}{here}!’}
			{{\doublechecked}‘Up! Get up! Now!’}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 14/7:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{\hl{Wyt ti}}{\gl{you}{ti}'re} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{codi}{get up} \gl{bellach}{now}?’ \gl{gwaeddodd}{shouted}.}
			{{\doublechecked}‘Are \hl{you} up yet?’ she demanded.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 15/1:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘Wel \gl{\hl{brysia}}{\gl{hurry!}{ti}}, \gl{dwi}{I'm} \gl{isio}{want/need} \gl{i}{for} \gl{\hl{ti}}{\gl{you}{ti}} \gl{edrych}{look} \gl{ar ôl}{after} \gl{y}{the} \gl{cig moch}{backon}. \gl{A}{and} \gl{\hl{phaid}}{\gl{\gram{neg.~imp.}}{ti}} \gl{\hl{ti}}{\gl{you}{ti}} \gl{â}{with} \gl{meiddio}{dare} \gl{gadael}{let} \gl{iddo}{for it (=him)} \gl{losgi}{burn}; […]}
			{‘Well, \hl{get} a move on, I want \hl{you} to look after the bacon. And don't \hl{you} dare let it burn, […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsubsection{Vernon Dursley $\rightarrow$ Harry Potter}

\begin{examples}
	\item 16/2:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{{\doublechecked}‘\gl{\hl{Rho}}{\gl{put!}{ti}} \gl{grib}{comb} \gl{drwy}{through} \gl{\hl{dy}}{\gl{your}{ti}} \gl{wallt}{hair}, \gl{wir}{really}!’ \gl{oedd}{was} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{gyfarchiad}{greeting} \gl{boreol}{morning (\gram{adj.})}.}
			{{\doublechecked}‘\hl{Comb} \hl{your} hair!’ he barked, by the way of a morning greeting.}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}



\section{Nominal predication (working notes)}

See Shisha-Halevy \cite[§3]{Shisha-Halevy.A:1998:roberts}.

\subsection{\textit{oedd} ‘nominal sentence’}

\begin{examples}
	\item 1/2:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Cyfarwyddwr}{director} \gl{cwmni}{company} \gl{cynhyrchu}{produce} \gl{driliau}{drills} \gl{o}{from}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{enw}{name} Grunnings \gl{\hl{oedd}}{was} Vernon Dursley, […]}
			{Mr Dursley \hl{was} the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 10/4 (on Dumbledore's golden clock):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Oriawr}{watch} \gl{ryfedd}{strange} \gl{iawn}{right} \gl{\hl{oedd}}{was} \gl{hi}{she}. […]}
			{[…] It \hl{was} a very odd watch. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsection{Copular pattern (?)}

\begin{examples}
	\item 10/6 — Dumbledore (on the Dursleys):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Nhw}{they} \gl{\hl{ydi}}{$\approx$is}'\gl{r}{the} \gl{unig}{only} \gl{deulu}{family} \gl{sydd}{that is} \gl{ar ôl}{left} \gl{ganddo}{by him} \gl{erbyn}{since} \gl{hyn}{that}.’}
			{[…] They’re the only family he has left now.”}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 13/7:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Yr}{the} \gl{unig}{only} \gl{beth}{thing} \gl{yr}{that} \gl{hoffai}{liked} Harri \gl{ynghylch}{about} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{olwg}{look} \gl{ei hun}{himself} \gl{\hl{oedd}}{was} \gl{y}{the} \gl{graith}{scar} \gl{fain}{fine} \gl{fain}{fine} \gl{ar}{on} \gl{ffurf}{form} \gl{mellten}{lightning} \gl{ar}{on} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{dalcen}{forehead}.}
			{{\doublechecked}The only thing Harry liked about his own appearance \hl{was} a very thin scar on his forehead which was shaped like a bolt of lightning.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 13/7 (‘He had had it as long as he could remember —’):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{a}{and}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{cwestiwn}{question} \gl{cyntaf}{first} \gl{y}{that} \gl{gallai}{could} \gl{gofio}{remember}\gl{'i}{his (=its)} \gl{ofyn}{ask} \gl{i}{to} \gl{Anti}{Aunt} Petiwnia \gl{\hl{oedd}}{was} \gl{sut}{how} \gl{roedd}{was} \gl{o}{he} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{ei}{her (=its)} \gl{chael}{get} \gl{hi}{she (=it)}.}
			{{\doublechecked}[…] and the first question he could ever remember asking his Aunt Petunia was how he had got it.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 15/6 (‘Exactly why Dudley wanted a racing bike was a mystery to Harry, as Dudley was very fat and hated exercise —’):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] — \gl{\hl{hynny}}{that} \gl{\hl{yw}}{$\approx$is}, \gl{os}{if} \gl{nad}{(that) not} \gl{oedd}{was} \gl{o}{he}\hl{'n}{in} \gl{golygu}{mean} \gl{y}{that} \gl{câi}{got} \gl{ddyrnu}{thresh} \gl{rhywun}{someone}.}
			{{\doublechecked}[…] — unless of course it involved punching somebody.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 200/16 — Ronan (‘Collwyn’ in the Welsh translation):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘Y \gl{diniwed}{innocent} \gl{\hl{ydi}}{$\approx$is}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{dioddefwyr}{victims} \gl{cyntaf}{first},’ \gl{meddai}{he said}. ‘\gl{Felly}{so} \gl{\hl{bu}}{\gl{was}{\gram{past}}} \gl{hi}{she (=it)} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{amser}{time} \gl{a}{\gram{rel.}} \gl{fu}{was}, \gl{felly}{so} \gl{\hl{y mae}}{is} \gl{o hyd}{still}.’}
			{‘Always the innocent are the first victims,’ he said. ‘So it has been for ages past, so it is now.’}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsection{Circumstantially-converted nominal rheme}

\begin{examples}
	\item 1/3:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{\hl{Roedd}}{was} Mrs Potter \gl{\hl{yn}}{in} \gl{chwaer}{sister} \gl{i}{to} Mrs Dursley, \gl{ond}{but} \gl{doedden}{they were not} \gl{nhw}{they} \gl{ddim}{Fr. \textit{pas}} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{cyfarfod}{meet} \gl{ers}{since} \gl{blynyddoedd}{years}; \gl{a}{and} \gl{dweud}{say} \gl{y}{the} \gl{gwir}{truth}, \gl{cymerai}{\gll{took}{\gram{impf}}} Mrs Dursley \gl{arni}{on her} \gl{nad}{that not} oedd \gl{ganddi}{by her} \gl{chwaer}{sister}, […]}
			{Mrs.~Potter \hl{was} Mrs.~Dursley's sister, but they hadn't met for several years; in fact, Mrs.~Dursley pretended she didn't have a sister, […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 8/4 — Professor McGonagall (criticising the careless behaviour of the wizards):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{Ond}{but} \gl{\hl{dydi}}{isn't} \gl{hynny}{that}\gl{\hl{'n}}{in} \gl{ddim}{Fr.~\emph{pas}} \gl{rheswm}{reason} \gl{dros}{for} \gl{golli}{lose}\gl{'n}{our} \gl{pennau}{heads}. […]}
			{“But that\hl{'s} no reason to lose our heads. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 8/5 — Professor McGonagall (on You-Know-Who):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{\hl{Ydi}}{\gll{is}{\gram{question}}} \gl{o}{he}\gl{\hl{'n}}{in} \gl{wir}{true} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{fod}{be} \gl{o}{he} \gl{\emph{wedi}}{after} \gl{mynd}{go}, Dumbledore?’}
			{[…] I suppose he really has gone, Dumbledore?”}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 10/2 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{\hl{Ydi}}{\gll{is}{\gram{question}}} \gl{o}{he} — \gl{\hl{Ydi}}{\gll{is}{\gram{question}}} \gl{o}{he}\gl{\hl{'n}}{in} \emph{wir}?’ \gl{gofynnodd}{asked} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{Athro}{professor} McGonagal. […]}
			{“It's — it's true?” faltered Professor McGonagall. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 15/5 (Harry Potter tries to remember a dream he had):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{\hl{Roedd}}{\gl{was}{\gram{3sg.}}} \gl{\hl{yn}}{in} \gl{freuddwyd}{dream} \gl{braf}{good}.}
			{It \hl{had been} a good one.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 129/1:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{\gl{Yn}{in} \gl{wir}{true}, \gl{erbyn}{since} \gl{hynny}{that} \gl{roedd}{was} Harri \gl{a}{and} Ron \gl{yn}{in} \gl{meddwl}{think} \gl{fod}{be} \gl{cyfarfod}{meet} \gl{y}{the} \gl{ci}{dog} \gl{tri}{three} \gl{phen}{head} \gl{wedi}{after} \gl{\hl{bod}}{be} \gl{\hl{yn}}{in} \gl{antur}{adventure} \gl{ardderchog}{excellent} […]}
			{[…] Indeed, by the next morning Harry and Ron thought that meeting the three-headed dog \hl{had been} an excellent adventure […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}




%\def\multicolisrtl{0}
%\begin{multicols}{2}
\nocite{Rowling.J:2003:harri_maen}
\nocite{Levy.J:1967:translation}
\nocite{Rowling.J:2001:harry_philosopher}
\nocite{Shisha-Halevy.A:1997:infinitive-aorist}
\nocite{Shisha-Halevy.A:1998:roberts}
\nocite{Shisha-Halevy.A:2003:juncture-welsh}
\bibliography{/Users/me/Documents/bibliography}
\bibliographystyle{plain}
%\end{multicols}

Ariel Shisha-Halevy's articles can be found at:\\
{\url{http://ling.huji.ac.il}}
\end{document}


% THINGS I'VE DECIDED NOT TO INCLUDE:
\section{Cleft sentence}

\begin{examples}
	\item 7/5 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{Sut}{how} \gl{gwyddet}{\gll{you knew}{\gram{impf}}} \gl{ti}{you} \gl{mai}{that it's} \gl{fi}{I} \gl{oedd}{was} \gl{yna}{there}?’ \gl{gofynnodd}{asked}.}
			{“How did you know it was me?” she asked.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 8/3 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Sêr gwib}{meteors} \gl{i}{to} \gl{lawr}{down} \gl{yng}{in} \gl{Nghaint}{Kent} — \gl{fetia}{I bet} \gl{i}{I} \gl{mai}{that it's} Dyfyr Drwyndwn \gl{oedd}{was} \gl{hynna}{that}. \gl{Fu}{\gll{was}{\gram{neg}+\gram{pf}}} \gl{ganddo}{by him} \gl{fo}{he} \gl{erioed}{(n)ever} \gl{fawr}{big} \gl{o}{of} \gl{synnwyr}{sense} \gl{cyffredin}{common}.’}
			{[…] Shooting stars down in Kent — I'll bet that was Dedalus Diggle. He never had much sense.”}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 9/1 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Mae}{is} \gl{pawb}{everyone} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{gwybod}{know} \gl{mai}{that it's} \gl{ti}{you} \gl{oedd}{was} \gl{yr}{the} \gl{unig}{only} \gl{un}{one} \gl{roedd}{was} \gl{Wyddost}{you know}-\gl{Ti}{you} — O! \gl{iawn}{right}, \emph{Voldemort} — \gl{yn}{in} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{ofni}{fear}.’}
			{Everyone knows you're the only one You-Know-Who, all right, \emph{Voldemort}, was frightened of.”}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 11/2 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] ‘\gl{Ie}{indeed} — \gl{ie}{indeed}, \gl{ti}{you} \gl{sy}{that is}'\gl{n}{in} \gl{iawn}{right}, \gl{wrth}{with} \gl{gwrs}{course}. […]}
			{[…] “Yes — yes, you’re right, of course. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsection{Questions}

\begin{examples}
	\item 9/5 — Professor McGonagall:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Wyddost}{you know} \gl{ti}{you} \gl{beth}{what} \gl{y}{that} \gl{mae}{is} \gl{pawb}{everyone} \gl{yn}{in} \gl{ei}{his} \gl{ddweud}{say}? […]}
			{[…] You know what they're saying? […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsection{Original cleft sentences}

\begin{examples}
	\item 10/4 — Dumbledore (on Hagrid):
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{[…] \gl{Gyda}{with} \gl{llaw}{hand}, \gl{mae}{is}'\gl{n}{in} \gl{debyg}{likely} \gl{mai}{that it's} \gl{fo}{he} \gl{ddwedodd}{that said} \gl{wrthot}{to you} \gl{ti}{you} \gl{y}{that} \gl{byddwn}{I be} \gl{i}{I} \gl{yma}{here}?’}
			{[…] I suppose it was he who told you I'd be here, by the way?”}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\section{Presentatives}

\begin{examples}
	\item 8/10:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{Dim}{Fr. \textit{pas}} \gl{diolch}{thank},’ \gl{meddai}{said}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{Athro}{professor}\gl{'n}{in} \gl{oeraidd}{cold}, \gl{fel}{as} \gl{petai}{\gll{if it was}{\gram{irreal}}}\gl{'n}{in} \gl{awgrymu}{hint} \gl{nad}{that not} \gl{dyma}{\Hebrew{הנה}}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{amser}{time} \gl{am}{for} \gl{sherbet}{sherbet} \gl{lemon}{lemon}.}
			{“No, thank you,” said Professor McGonagall coldly, as though she didn't think this was the moment for lemon sherbets.}
		\end{bilingquote}

	\item 10/8 — Dumbledore:
		\begin{bilingquote}
			\transline
			{‘\gl{Dyma}{\Hebrew{הנה}}\gl{'r}{the} \gl{lle}{place} \gl{gorau}{best} \gl{iddo}{for him},’ \gl{meddai}{said} Dumbledore \gl{yn}{in} \gl{bendant}{emphatic}. […]}
			{“It's the best place for him,” said Dumbledore firmly. […]}
		\end{bilingquote}
\end{examples}

\subsection{Dialogue}

\subsection{Narrative}


